1. Surgery (taking out the cancer)
2. Radiation therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells)
3. Hormone therapy (using hormones to stop cancer cell growth)
4. Chemotherapy (using drugs to kill cancer cells)
5. Biological therapy (using the body’s immune system to fight cancer)

Surgery is one of the common treatments for prostate cancer. Your doctor may remove the cancer using one of the following. Surgery is reseved for those patients in good health, with less than 70 years and who choose surgery as their best option.

Radical prostatectomy:

Is the removal of the prostate and some tissue around it. The doctor can perform surgery through an incision in the area between the scrotum and anus (perineum) using an operation known as perineal prostatectomy or through an incision in the lower abdomen using an operation known as
retropubic prostatectomy. Radical prostatectomy is performed only if the cancer has not spread outside the prostate. Usually, before carrying out the prostatectomy, the doctor will perform surgery to remove pelvic lymph nodes in order to determine the presence of cancer. This procedure is called lymph node dissection
pelvic lymph. If the lymph nodes contain cancer, the doctor usually no fee prostatectomy and may recommend other therapy. Men who have been treated with surgery may suffer from impotence and spillage of urine from the bladder.

Transurethral resection

Is the removal of prostate cancer using an instrument with a small wire loop on the end which is inserted into the prostate through the urethra. This operation is sometimes done to relieve symptoms caused by the tumor before further treatment or apply to men who can not support a radical prostatectomy due to age or other disease.

Some of the possible signs of prostate cancer include reduced urinary stream caliber and increased frequency of urination. These and other symptoms may be caused by prostate cancer or other conditions. We must see a doctor if you have any of the following problems:

* Decreased caliber or interrupted urinary stream.

* Increased frequency of urination (especially at night).

* Difficulty urinating.

* Pain or burning during urination.

* Blood in urine or semen.

* Aching pain in the back, hips or pelvis.

* Pain with ejaculation.

Some tests to examine the prostate and blood are used to help detect (find) and diagnose prostate cancer. You can use the following tests and procedures:

* Digital rectal exam: The doctor or nurse inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum and feels the prostate through the rectal wall for lumps or abnormal areas.

* Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA): A laboratory test that measures levels of PSA in a blood sample. PSA is a substance produced by the prostate that can be found in greater amounts in the blood of men who have prostate cancer. PSA levels also may be elevated in men who suffer an infection or inflammation of the prostate, or benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate but noncancerous).

* Transrectal ultrasound: A procedure used to examine the prostate. An instrument is inserted through the rectum and the waves of the prostate and sonidorebotan returned. These sound waves create echoes, which are used by a computer to create a picture called a sonogram. Transrectal ultrasound can also be used during a biopsy.

* Biopsy: The removal of cells, tissue or fluid which is then viewed under the microscope to look for signs of disease. There are two types of biopsy procedures that are used to diagnose prostate cancer.

* Transrectal biopsy needle is inserted through the rectum into the prostate and removes a sample of prostate tissue. This procedure is usually done using transrectal ultrasound to help guide the needle.

* Transperineal biopsy: A needle is inserted through the skin between the scrotum and rectum into the prostate and removes a sample of prostate tissue.

The presence of the above symptoms may lead a physician to suspect brain cancer. A CT scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the first examinations to be performed to properly diagnose a brain cancer, whatever the type. These specialized radiological examinations can detect many types of brain tumors and determine their location and size accurately. However, they do not determine whether the tumor is cancerous or not.

We must perform a biopsy to determine if the tumor is cancerous. For this, we take a sample of the tumor during surgery. If the tumor is too deep in the brain, surgeons can use a technique called stereotactic biopsy or establishment of the needle through three-dimensional approach. This technique uses an MRI to create a three dimensional image of the brain that are then used to guide a needle contained in a special case to the appropriate region of the brain. It sucks and is collected tumor cells in the needle for analysis. Once collected, we analyze the biopsy sample using microscopes and special chemicals to determine the type of tumor. It usually takes several days before obtaining the results of a type of tumor.

We may sometimes collect cells of brain tumors in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a special fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. CSF samples are taken using a thin needle that is inserted in the lower back under local anesthesia, this procedure is called a lumbar puncture. We can do this procedure when too much pressure accumulates in the brain. Indeed, the pressure change resulting from the brain drain may cause aspiration of part of the brain tissue at the base of the skull, causing serious complications.

Most cancers of the cervix are without symptoms, but some forms give rise to bleeding or unusual discharge. Faced with these symptoms should consult your doctor even if the last smear was negative. Discovered by chance in most cases

Uterus cancer symptoms. vast majority of cancerous lesions of the cervix uteri are discovered incidentally during a smear as part of a gynecological consultation or even a medical consultation. More on this review, discover our dossier “smear against cancer of the cervix uteri“.

But too often, regular screening is not performed regularly in some women. Various surveys have found an unequal distribution of the realization of these smears with sometimes a repetition of the annual examination in women at low risk and at-risk populations have not undergone a gynecological examination. Finally, the practice of Pap smear is too often abandoned after 50 years, while the risk of cancer of the cervix increases after that age. But sometimes the signs can alert. Discover immediately.

Relatively discreet signs should alert you. These are essentially losses abnormal: minor bleeding occurs between periods or after menopause, spotting pink or brown. These problems can be caused by micro-trauma: sex, travel, toilets. These signs should lead you to see.

A pelvic exam can reassure you and then immediately detect a tumor, which stage of development will be clarified by other investigations (staging of the tumor).

The lungs are a pair of organs that give oxygen to the body and expel carbon dioxide, a waste product produced by the body’s cells. The bronchi, meanwhile, are tubes through which inspired air reaches from the mouth to the lungs are divided into other smaller and smaller tubes, called bronchioles, until they form alveoli which is where exchange occurs of venous blood gases. Lung cancer is caused by overgrowth of malignant cells in this body, and if not diagnosed early may be shifted to other body organs.

Most forms of lung cancer in the cells of the lungs, but cancer can also spread (metastasize) to the lung from other parts of the body. Lung cancer is the most common, either in men or women, and most importantly, is the most common cause of cancer deaths in both men and women.

Causes
* Snuff. It is the main cause. Snuff smoke, with its high concentration of carcinogens, goes straight into the air and is inhaled by smokers as nonsmokers. Quitting smoking also significantly reduces the risk of other diseases related to snuff, such as heart disease, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
* Effects of radon. Radon is a radioactive gas found in rocks and soil of the earth, formed by the natural decay of radium. Being invisible and odorless, the only way to determine if one is exposed to the gas is to measure their levels. In addition, exposure to radon combined with smoking significantly increases the risk of lung cancer. Therefore, for smokers, exposure to radon is an even greater risk.
* Exposure to carcinogens. Asbestos is perhaps the best known industrial substance associated with lung cancer, but there are many others: uranium, arsenic, certain petroleum products, etc..
* Willingness genética.Se know that cancer can be caused by mutations (changes) of DNA which activate oncogenes or inactivate the tumor suppressor genes. Some people inherit DNA mutations from their parents, which greatly increases the risk of developing cancer.
* Agents that cause cancer in people at risk trabajo.Entre are miners who inhaled radioactive minerals such as uranium, and workers exposed to chemicals such as arsenic, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, products from coal, mustard gas and chloromethyl ethers.
* Marijuana. The marijuana cigarettes contain more tar than the snuff. Similarly, the smoke is inhaled deeply and held in the lungs for long. In addition, smoked marijuana cigarettes until the end where tar content is higher.
* Inflammation recurrente.La tuberculosis and some types of pneumonia often leave scars on the lung. This scarring increases the risk that the person develops lung cancer called adenocarcinoma.
* Powder talco.Algunos studies conducted in talc miners and millers suggest that they have a higher risk of developing the disease due to exposure to the same industrial grade talc. This dust, in its natural form may contain asbestos.
* Other types of exposure to mineralesLas people with silicosis and berylliosis (lung disease caused by breathing in certain minerals) also are at increased risk for lung cancer.
* Excess or deficiency of vitamin A. People who do not receive enough vitamin A are at increased risk for lung cancer. Moreover, taking too much vitamin A may also increase the risk of developing lung cancer.
* Pollution aire.En some cities, air pollution may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer. This risk is much lower than that caused by smoking.

Symptoms

People who suffer

* People over fifty years of age who have smoked cigarettes for many years.
* The incidence of lung cancer among women in general has increased, which can be clearly attributed to the increasing number of women smokers.

Symptoms

* Cough or chest pain that does not clear and may be accompanied by expectoration.
* A whistle in breathing, shortness of breath.
* Coughing or spitting up blood.
* Hoarseness or swelling of the face and neck.
* Design or feeling of shortness of breath

Prevention

The main way to prevent lung cancer is to quit smoking or avoid smoke snuff, in the case of non-smokers. It is also important to avoid potential carcinogens that may be in the normal environment (work and home).

Types

According to the appearance of the cells to be examined under a microscope, lung cancers can be divided into two types:

* Lung cancer, non-small cell. It is associated with having smoked before, having lived with a smoker or smokers or being exposed to radon. The main types of lung cancer non-small cell are named depending on the type of cells found in cancer: squamous cell carcinoma (also called squamous cell carcinoma), adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.
* Lung cancer, small cell. It is found in people who smoke or used to smoke cigarettes.

Diagnostics

Because lung cancer symptoms often do not manifest until the disease is advanced, only 15 percent of cases are detected in its early stages. Many lung cancer cases are diagnosed in early stage by accident, which means that are detected as a result of medical tests carried out due to other unrelated health problem.

A biopsy of lung tissue serves to confirm or refute a possible diagnosis of cancer as well as provide valuable information to determine the appropriate treatment. If it is eventually detected lung cancer, additional tests will be conducted to determine how far the disease has spread, including:
# History clínicoy physical examination: The medical history is recorded risk factors and symptoms the patient presents. The physical examination provides information about signs of lung cancer and other health problems.
# Radiological studies: These studies use X-rays, magnetic fields, sound waves or radioactive substances to create images inside the body. They are frequently used imaging studies to detect lung cancer and determine the body part where you have spread. It performs a chest x-ray to see if there is any mass or spot on the lungs.
# Computed tomography (CT): It gives more precise information about the size, shape and position of a tumor and can help detect enlarged lymph nodes that may contain a cancer from the lung. The computed tomography is more sensitive than routine chest radiographs for detecting early-stage cancers.
# Tests magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses powerful magnets and radio waves to make modern computers detailed cross-sectional images. These images are similar to those produced with computed tomography, but are even more accurate in detecting lung cancer spread to the brain or spinal cord.
# The positron emission tomography (PET): Use a sensitive tracer of low dose that accumulates in cancerous tissues. Bone scans require the injection of a small amount of radioactive substance into a vein. This substance accumulates in abnormal areas of bone that may result from the spread of cancer.
# Sputum cytology: is examined under the microscope a sample of phlegm to see if it contains cancer cells. * Needle biopsy: A needle is inserted into the mass while the lungs are displayed on a computer tomograph. After removing a sample of the mass and observed through a microscope to see if it contains cancer cells.
# Bronchoscopy: We introduce a flexible lighted tube through the mouth into the bronchi. This procedure can help find tumors located centrally or obstructions in the lungs. Can also be used to take biopsies or remove fluids to be examined with a microscope to see if they contain cancer cells.
# Mediastinoscopy: A small cut is made in the neck and a lighted tube is inserted behind the sternum. They used special instruments that are managed through this tube to take a sample of tissue from the mediastinal lymph nodes (along the windpipe and the main areas of bronchial tubes). The observation of the samples under a microscope can show if cancer cells.
# Bone marrow biopsy: A needle is used to remove a cylindrical core of bone of approximately 1.5 millimeters wide and 2.5 inches long. Usually, the sample is taken from the back of the hip bone and studied under a microscope to see if cancer cells.
# Blood tests: It is often carried out some blood tests to help detect if lung cancer has spread to the liver or bones, as well as to diagnose certain paraneoplastic syndromes.

Treatments

The prognosis and treatment options depend on the extent to which stage the cancer, tumor size or type of lung cancer.

The surgery involves removing the tumor and some tissue from the surrounding area and is often used in the early stages of the disease
* Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
* Radiation therapy using high energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink the tumor.

Other information

The doctor needs to know the stage of the cancer to plan treatment.

The classification of lung cancer non-small cell goes through the following stages:

* Step hidden. Cancer cells are found in sputum, but you can not find any tumor in the lung.
* Stage 0. The cancer is localized in one area, in some cell layers only, and no growth through the lining of the lung. Another term for this type of lung cancer is “carcinoma in situ.
* Stage I. Cancer is found only in the lung and surrounded by normal tissue. * Stage II Cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
* Stage III. The cancer has spread to the chest wall or diaphragm near the lung, or the cancer has spread to lymph nodes in the area separating the two lungs (mediastinum) or lymph nodes across the chest, or neck.
* Stage IV. The cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
* Recurrent cancer has returned after being treated.

In the classification of lung cancer small cell discusses the stages that follow:

* Limited Stage Cancer is found only in one lung and nearby lymph nodes.
* Extensive Stage Cancer has spread outside the lung where it began to other tissues of the chest or other body parts.
* Step appellant. The disease has reappeared after being treated, whether in the lungs or other body part.
* Step appellant. The disease has reappeared after being treated, whether in the lungs or other body part

Women who stay fit and perform physical activity after menopause have a 17 percent less likely to develop the disease than those who rarely leave the couch.

But not just any type of exercise is enough, scientists prescribe an activity of “moderate to strong”, such as heavy housework, gardening and hiking.

Previous studies have found the importance of physical activity as a protection against breast cancer, but this was one of the first to observe the different types of exercise at different stages of life.

Researchers asked more than 110. 000 postmenopausal women to assess their activity levels at different ages.

Over the next six and a half, women in the group had made more than seven hours a week of moderate to vigorous exercise were less likely to develop breast cancer than inactive women.

Light exercise does not help, as reported by the journal BMC Cancer, and Dr. Tricia Peters of the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md., said that exercise can affect hormones so they help prevent cancer breast.

The findings may help inform the mechanisms that are initiated by physical activity, on breast cancer.

If you have been diagnosed with cancer, you should know that although it is rare that people will develop cancer during adolescence, you’re not alone. The good news is that most teens who get cancer survive and can resume a normal life.

The word cancer actually includes a group of diseases, rather than be single. What they all have in common is that the body’s cells (tiny units that make up all living things) behave abnormally, growing and multiplying uncontrollably and eventually form tumors.

Many people who have cancer (or who knows someone who has cancer) finds out about it helps you better understand your situation and have the feeling that the more control. Being informed about cancer, it helps people feel more prepared to ask relevant questions and to take responsibility for therapeutic options.

Cancer has its own vocabulary, and doctors sometimes forget that people do not know can not understand some medical terms. If something does not understand, ask for it explained. Most doctors are happy to explain things in a way that their patients can understand. People with cancer often have a medical team specially trained to work with them to help them fight the disease. Therefore, if at any time you can not get to your doctor, probably an oncology nurse (specializing in cancer treatment) can answer your questions.

Another way to understand cancer and learn things about it is reading. You can find tons of information in public libraries, bookstores and online. Anyway, you should keep in mind that you can find information (especially the Internet) to be incorrect or outdated. If your search finds information that differs from what the doctor has told you, be sure to ask about it.

People with cancer and their families often find help and comfort in sharing their experiences and learn from others who have been there. There are various ways to share these experiences – from Internet chat pages to cancer support groups of local character where people can interact face to face. Ask your doctor to put you in touch with this type of resources you recommend a group for people affected by cancer. While no two patients have exactly the same experiences, sometimes going very well know that you’re not alone.

Among the various types of cancer deaths, lung cancer accounts for 29 percent of that. In fact, there are more cases of lung cancer deaths compared with data from prostate cancer deaths, breast and colon cancer combined. So now you can begin to arm themselves to protect the general data on lung cancer before it is too late.

Causes of lung cancer

When people think of lung cancer, often associated with cigarette smoking. In fact, this is a major cause of the disease. But it is not the only factor.

One important aspect of research to health experts on lung cancer is a genetic factor. Most cancer cells develop when there is an error in the mutation of DNA cells. That the error itself can be affected by other environmental factors as well, which has led health experts to re-examine the external factors that can contribute to the formation of cancer cells.

Too much exposure to asbestos has been cited as a crucial environmental factor causing lung cancer. Asbestos is a type of mineral that is composed of fibers and packages up occurs naturally in the environment. These fibers, when inhaled by a person exposed to them, may be trapped in the lungs and accumulate until it causes inflammation in the lungs.

Another crucial factor that could lead to the development of lung cancer is the inhalation of secondhand smoke. Although cigarette smoking may increase your chances of getting lung cancer, those who inhale are at increased risk. Secondhand smoke has two types of smoke that are produced by burning snuff products and exhaled by the smoker.

Please pay close attention to these general data on lung cancer, so they can avoid factors that may put at risk of acquiring the disease.

The symptoms of lung cancer

It affects their respiratory system, the common symptoms associated with lung cancer are related to conditions affecting the respiratory disease.

It is a rare case of lung cancer is diagnosed early, so that knowledge of general facts about lung cancer is extremely important for early diagnosis.

• Cases of prolonged cough.
• Taking away wheezing.
• Pain in the back, chest or shoulder.
• coughing up blood or mucus.
• Constant shortness of breath.
• glands in the neck or face.
• Pneumonia or other respiratory infections, etc.

For treatment of lung cancer

Before a treatment option is to be determined for patients with lung cancer, it is important to diagnose the type and the first stage. Here are some of the most common types of treatment:

1) Surgery – This treatment method is best only for patients who are diagnosed early due to the possibility that cancer cells spread to other parts of the body despite the inability to detect through analysis.

2) Chemotherapy – This treatment is best used for people with small cell cancer of the lung. Often this is accompanied by radiation therapy. This treatment is known as chemoradiation.

3) Radiation therapy – This treatment addresses the patient’s head in order to prevent the spread of cancer cells to the brain. It is recommended only for individuals with small cell cancer of the lung and those who had their tumors removed by surgery.